项目1 数控机床的基本知识 ······························································································· 1
1.1 机床的起源与发展·················································································································· 1
1.2 数控机床的分类······················································································································ 3
1.2.1 按用途分类 ················································································································· 3
1.2.2 按数控系统分类 ········································································································· 8
1.3 数控机床的组成······················································································································ 8
1.4 加工中心的分类···················································································································· 10
1.5 数控机床控制系统介绍········································································································ 13
1.6 数控加工的优点···················································································································· 16
项目2 数控铣床编程基础 ·································································································· 18
2.1 开环和闭环···························································································································· 18
2.2 坐标系···································································································································· 19
2.2.1 机床坐标系 ··············································································································· 19
2.2.2 机床坐标原点 ··········································································································· 21
2.2.3 工件坐标系 ··············································································································· 22
2.2.4 编程坐标系 ··············································································································· 22
2.3 常用数控术语························································································································ 23
2.3.1 插补 ··························································································································· 23
2.3.2 直线插补和圆弧插补 ······························································································· 23
2.3.3 绝对值编程和相对值编程 ······················································································· 24
项目3 数控铣床/ 加工中心操作 ····················································································· 25
3.1 控制器面板介绍···················································································································· 25
3.1.1 液晶显示区 ··············································································································· 26
3.1.2 编辑键盘区 ··············································································································· 27
3.1.3 机床控制区 ··············································································································· 28
3.2 基本操作································································································································ 31
3.2.1 开机、关机的操作步骤 ··························································································· 31
3.2.2 机床归零 ··················································································································· 32
3.2.3 开启主轴转动 ··········································································································· 32
3.2.4 分中与对刀 ··············································································································· 33
3.2.5 串口DNC 在线加工 ································································································ 36
3.2.6 USB 在线加工 ·········································································································· 37
3.2.7 单个程序的删除 ······································································································· 37
3.2.8 全部程序的删除 ······································································································· 37
3.2.9 图形显示 ··················································································································· 37
3.2.10 USB 文件的复制 ···································································································· 38
项目4 数控切削基本知识 ·································································································· 40
4.1 铣刀········································································································································ 40
4.2 麻花钻···································································································································· 43
4.3 车刀········································································································································ 44
4.4 顺铣和逆铣···························································································································· 45
4.5 切削运动································································································································ 47
项目5 数控铣床编程基本知识 ························································································· 49
5.1 数控铣床加工程序的格式···································································································· 49
5.1.1 数控铣床程序格式 ··································································································· 49
5.1.2 程序段的组成 ··········································································································· 51
5.2 数控铣床G 指令 ··················································································································· 52
5.3 数控铣床M 指令 ·················································································································· 57
5.4 其他指令································································································································ 58
5.5 常用功能指令的属性············································································································ 60
项目6 数控铣床编程常用指令 ························································································· 63
6.1 插补类指令···························································································································· 63
6.2 返回参考点指令G27、G28、G29 ······················································································ 70
6.3 工件坐标系设定指令G92 ···································································································· 72
项目7 数控铣固定循环指令 ····························································································· 74
7.1 固定循环指令的基本知识···································································································· 74
7.2 孔加工固定循环指令············································································································ 75
7.3 钻孔循环G81 和锪孔循环G82 ··························································································· 78
7.4 高速深孔钻循环G73 与深孔钻循环G83 ··········································································· 79
7.5 铰孔循环G85 ························································································································ 80
7.6 粗镗孔循环G86、G88、G89 ······························································································ 81
7.7 精镗孔循环G76 与反镗孔循环G87 ··················································································· 82
7.8 右螺纹循环G84 与左螺纹循环G74 ··················································································· 84
7.9 深孔攻丝断屑循环················································································································ 85
项目8 数控铣刀具补偿功能的编程方法 ······································································ 88
8.1 刀具补偿功能的概念············································································································ 88
8.2 刀具半径补偿························································································································ 89
8.3 刀具长度补偿························································································································ 95
项目9 高级数控铣编程 ······································································································ 98
9.1 子程序的应用························································································································ 98
9.1.1 主程序和子程序 ······································································································· 98
9.1.2 子程序的调用 ··········································································································· 99
9.1.3 子程序的嵌套 ··········································································································· 99
9.1.4 主程序调用的特殊用法 ························································································· 100
9.1.5 子程序的应用 ········································································································· 100
9.2 坐标变换指令的应用·········································································································· 105
9.2.1 极坐标编程 ············································································································· 105
9.2.2 局部坐标系编程 ····································································································· 109
9.2.3 比例缩放编程 ········································································································· 110
9.2.4 镜像编程 ················································································································· 114
9.2.5 旋转坐标系编程 ····································································································· 120
项目10 数控铣宏程序的应用 ························································································ 124
10.1 非圆曲线的加工方法········································································································ 124
10.2 宏程序的基本概念············································································································ 125
10.3 B 类宏程序基础 ················································································································ 126
10.4 B 类宏程序编程举例 ········································································································ 130
项目11 数控车床简介 ······································································································ 135
11.1 车床的基本知识 ················································································································ 135
11.2 数控车床的坐标系 ············································································································ 137
11.3 机床原点与机床参考点 ···································································································· 138
11.4 工件坐标系与工件原点 ···································································································· 139
11.5 车床刀具补正 ···················································································································· 139
11.6 数控车床的操作规程 ········································································································ 141
项目12 数控车床常用功能指令 ···················································································· 143
12.1 F 功能 ································································································································ 143
12.2 S 功能 ································································································································ 144
12.3 T 功能 ································································································································ 144
12.4 M 功能 ······························································································································· 144
12.5 工件坐标系设置G50 ········································································································ 145
12.6 快速定位指令G00 ············································································································ 145
12.7 直线插补指令G01 ············································································································ 146
12.8 圆弧插补指令G02、G03 ································································································· 146
12.9 暂停指令G04 ···················································································································· 148
12.10 英制和米制指令G20、G21 ··························································································· 148
12.11 恒线速控制G96、G97 ··································································································· 149
12.12 进给速度量纲指令G98、G99 ······················································································· 149
12.13 参考点返回指令G27、G28、G30 ················································································ 150
12.14 刀尖圆弧半径补偿指令G41、G42 ··············································································· 150
12.15 倒角C 和圆弧R 过渡指令 ···························································································· 151
项目13 数控车床循环指令 ····························································································· 153
13.1 单一车削循环指令············································································································ 153
13.1.1 内外圆车削循环G90 ··························································································· 153
13.1.2 端面车削循环G94 ······························································································· 157
13.2 复合车削循环指令············································································································ 160
13.2.1 内外圆粗车循环G71 和精车循环G70 ······························································ 161
13.2.2 端面粗车循环G72 ······························································································· 163
13.2.3 成型车削复合循环G73 ······················································································· 165
13.2.4 外圆啄式车削循环G74 ······················································································· 167
13.2.5 端面啄式车削循环G75 ······················································································· 169
13.3 螺纹车削循环···················································································································· 171
13.3.1 螺纹加工基础知识 ······························································································· 171
13.3.2 单行程螺纹车削指令G32 ··················································································· 174
13.3.3 车削螺纹循环指令G92 ······················································································· 178
13.3.4 车削螺纹复合循环指令G76 ··············································································· 179
项目14 数控车床高级编程实例 ···················································································· 182
14.1 切槽子程序························································································································ 182
14.2 外圆轮廓宏程序················································································································ 183
14.3 半球轮廓宏程序················································································································ 185
14.4 椭圆轮廓宏程序················································································································ 187
14.5 抛物线轮廓宏程序············································································································ 191
14.6 正弦轮廓宏程序················································································································ 192
项目15 数控车床中级考证实例 ···················································································· 194
项目16 数控车床高级考证实例 ···················································································· 205
参考文献 ···································································································································· 216